Collective action is a principle of inseparability of knowledge and relations, based on three symbiotically linked elements: duality (relativity, reports, relations), undecidability and generativity (Hatchuel 1997, 2002). Collective action cannot therefore be reduced to a reading of the totalizing relations between actors, nor even to a theory of interest or of the relationship between performance and the effectiveness of action. Our object of study therefore has a (scientific) principle of relativity and inseparability of knowledge and relations. What therefore constitutes the theoretical framework for the analysis of collective action is precisely this inseparability, this dualism which makes it possible to respond to the problematized enigmas of action.